Enough to Eat
16mm film Black & White Sound 1936 8:39
Summary: An overview of children's nutrition in London and the London County Council's attempts to improve it. Includes footage of Herbert Morrison and Lord Waldorf Astor. The final 8 1/2 minutes of a 22 minute documentary with a broader national focus.
Title number: 884
LSA ID: LSA/1181
Description: The film begins abruptly with uniformed nurses feeding and serving young toddlers as they eat at tables on the roof or balcony of the Shoreditch Borough Council Maternity and Child Welfare Centre, 210 Kingsland Road. A similar scene takes place inside the Centre, with slightly older children. The narrator, Julian Huxley, explains that the children are given a free "midday dinner" every day, including plenty of "protective and body-building" foods, and that a few live at the centre. He anticipates an extension of such schemes to new areas.
A dietician at the Centre teaches mothers about child nutrition and food preparation. There are educational materials on the walls, one promoting breastfeeding. Three plates containing the three main food groups are displayed on a table to one side.
Herbert Morrison, then leader of the London County Council (LCC), sits at a formal desk. He stresses that the LCC are vigorously fighting malnutrition among elementary school pupils, quoting figures for the numbers of children receiving free school meals. Children enter a school dining hall and gradually settle down at the tables. Some of the older children help the younger ones and serve food.
Children and their mothers await assessment at a Council Nutrition Centre. A Care Committee Organiser speaks to a woman and her daughter. A young girl is examined by a female doctor, using a stethoscope. A young boy pulls the handle on a strength-testing machine, while others wait their turn. A doctor takes a blood sample from a boy's ear, to test for anaemia. According to Morrison, the Care Committee Organiser is discussing the woman's difficulties and helping her carry out the doctor's orders. He says that the doctor examines each attending child regularly and advises the mother on nutrition and treatment. He gives figures for those suffering malnutrition and says that all children are inspected annually at school.
Aerial shot of the then recently built Palais des Nations, the Headquarters of the League of Nations in Geneva. A small crowd watches a car which has drawn up for a meeting, as the narrator explains that the League of Nations set up a Committee on Nutrition in November 1935. 2nd Viscount Waldorf Astor stands by a tapestry in the Great Hall at Cliveden, talking about the meeting. He says that some countries have food surpluses while in others people are underfed. He refers to the problems created in prosperous countries by ignorance of nutrition. As he speaks, there is a view across a busy League of Nations Assembly meeting back in Geneva. He says that governments must provide adequate food for children, and farmers increase their output. He emphasises the importance of food imports to nutrition, trade and peace which the film illustrates with dockers at work unloading an unseen vessel and farm workers pitching bundles of straw onto a cart.
Huxley asks the question "And so what must we do in England?" before handing over to the Medical Officer of Health for Stockton-on-Tees, Dr George M'Gonigle, who sits at his desk talking about the common sense knowledge of British housewives. Although he does say that the average housewife wouldn't know the difference between a vitamin and a bus ticket! We see a busy market on a street and a woman buying fresh fish whilst a bus goes by in the background. He talks about the limits placed on these housewives by a lack of income whilst the film shows children playing, climbing into a cot and looking happy in a big group.
We go back to Huxley at his desk who tells that we will need considerable economic changes to see these families able to afford more healthy foods he recommends that the lower economic groups are provided with cheap or free milk or other "protective foods", though he does say this is a long term matter. He continues "in the higher income classes much good can come from teaching proper choice and use of foods. He summarises the rules of good feeding whilst we see the food groups and examples starting with the ideal diet of a working man before moving on to a growing child and babies. When he talks about young mothers we see a large group of young women sat around tables enjoying a (presumably) healthy meal together followed by children of different ages.
We return to Huxley at his desk where he sums up "that it is not the purpose of this film to come up with a solution to malnutrition" whilst we see two rats in a laboratory "nor does it try to forecast the future... it's aim is to describe the existing situation" not in terms of showing the worst sufferers from nutritional deficiencies and malnutrition these it has avoided" and we see happy children playing at a fair on a wooden merry-go-round,
"...Rather it is a problem for everyone... and the conscience of the nation is aroused!"
The End
Credits: Director: Edgar Anstey; Photography: Walter Blakely and Arthur L. Fisher; Recording: Charles A. Poulton; Sponsor: Gas, Light and Coal Company
Cast: Narrator: Julian Sorell Huxley. Additional commentary by: Herbert Morrison; Lord Waldorf Astor; Dr George M'Gonigle
Further information: "Enough to Eat" was made at Merton Park Studios in South Wimbledon by Edgar Anstey, a leading British documentary filmmaker, a year after his best known film, "Housing Problems". It was one of a small series of his films sponsored by the gas industry. Merton Park Studios was owned by the Film Producers Guild, a collective of English documentary film companies.
The narrator, Julian Huxley, was a prominent evolutionary biologist who had written "The Science of Life" with H.G Wells (and Wells's son G.P Wells) in the 1920s. In 1931, he was one of the founder members of a political think tank, "Political and Economic Planning", which was later influential in the formation of the National Health Service. He was a eugenecist, becoming Vice-President of the British Eugenics Society a year after the film was made. However, as a humanist, he had often been a critic of the most extreme manifestations of eugenecism. He had become Secretary of the Zoological Society in the year before the film was made, and later became the first Director-General of UNESCO.
The full version of the film concentrates heavily on class differences in nutrition, and advocates a National Food Policy. It promotes the work of the Milk Marketing Board and the Cheap Milk in Schools Scheme; as well as Maternity and Child Welfare Centres. The full film, reconstructed from material from the BFI National Archive, is available on YouTube as part of the Wellcome Library collection - see https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0rqQBQ2jDE4
Originally recorded on RCA Photophone.
Keywords: Diet; Health policy; Infant nutrition; Nutrition; Malnutrition
Locations: United Kingdom; England; London; Hackney
Related
Comments